![]() (2000) detected the ica cluster in about 81 % isolates from clinical origin and a significant number of these isolates were also biofilm producers (Galdbart, Allignet, Tung, Ryden, & El Solh, 2000), indicating relationship between these genes and production of biofilm. epidermidis isolates from pathogenic sources in comparison with only 6 % in saprophytic samples (Ziebuhr et al., 1997). (1997) reported 85 % ica positivity of S. The ica genes positivity is linked to the virulence of S. The strains isolated from clinical environments show more ica-positivity than nonclinical sources (Kozitskaya et al., 2005). epidermidis in pathogenicity as well as in its survival, particularly in clinical settings. Intercellular adhesion (ica) genes help S. Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most important organism in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) group as it causes nosocomial and device related infections (Le et al., 2019 Nguyen et al., 2017 Nuryastuti & Krom, 2017). Furthermore, normal flora from these sources is not involved in persistent infections such as wound. epidermidis strains are present in skin and nasal samples are not significantly different. This finding is consistent with our previous results. Our results indicate that skin and nasal sources have no significant difference in terms of ica positive S. In skin samples, 19.51 % tested positive for each of icaA, icaB and icaD genes, while 24.39 % were positive for icaC gene. We have detected 15 % positivity for icaA, 17.5 % for icaB, 32.5 % for icaC and 20% for icaD in nasal samples, respectively. After culture and isolation, conventional PCR and electrophoresis have been used for gene identification. In total, 81 swab samples have been included in this study (40 nasal and 41 skin samples). The study also analyzed and compared this to the previously findings and results. This study compared presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis’ ica genes in nasal mucosa and skin samples from healthy individuals. We have further analyzed ica genes’ presence in nasal mucosa of healthy subjects, as both nasal mucosa and wound bed are moist surfaces. This research article provides an update on previous research results comparing skin, blood and wound samples. The growth of microbes in form of biofilms helps them to evade body’s immune system as well as antibiotics. Clinical and research evidence is available for its involvement in various infections. Clinical importance of microbial biofilm has now been discussed for a long time.
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